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It was also concluded that medication adherence should be consistently monitored throughout the course of treatment (Pai & McGrady hair loss 60 year old woman buy finast 5 mg low cost, 2015). Interventions targeting family support and psychosocial functioning with an educational component have also been shown to be more effective in improving medication adherence compared with control conditions (Pai & McGrady, 2015). In sum, proper assessment of medication adherence in pediatric cancer patients is crucial. Health Challenges Associated With Survivorship After surviving pediatric cancer, the patient may experience other chronic health issues such as delayed growth, endocrinological problems, and neurocognitive impairment (Bhatia, 2005). Research has demonstrated that childhood cancer survivors are at a significantly greater risk of developing secondary cancers, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and diabetes (Greving & Santacroce, 2005). Comorbid conditions can result from cancer treatment, genetic predisposition, or various lifestyle factors (DemarkWahnefried, Aziz, Rowland, & Pinto, 2005). Neurological Functioning After Cancer Treatment Survivors of cancer are also at greater risk for adverse neurocognitive outcomes (Patel et al. Certain methods of treatment such as cranial radiation therapy put children at risk for "late effects" that emerge after cessation of treatment (Ness & Gurney, 2007). Longterm effects of treatment can include malignant brain tumors and neurocognitive deficits such as deficits in attention, executive functioning, memory, and processing speed (Butler & Mulhern, 2005; Patel et al. However, interventions have demonstrated efficacy in treating these adverse neurocognitive effects resulting from cancer treatment (Patel et al. Results indicated that the children showed small to modest improvements in academic achievement and parentreported behavioral functioning (Butler et al. Results revealed that children who participated in the intervention significantly increased their use of study strategies (Patel et al. These studies show that interventions can potentially improve cognitive functioning in child cancer survivors. Increased Risk for Obesity There is also an increased risk for weight gain and decreased physical activity following cancer treatment (Stern et al. Research has illustrated that the association between cancer treatment and future obesity may be due to cranial radiation and exposure to corticosteroids (Chow et al. Additionally, consumption of high fat foods and limited physical activity could influence posttreatment weight gain. However, researchers have developed interventions that aim to promote healthy lifestyles for children after cancer treatment. Familybased interventions that treat pediatric obesity by 340 Dianna Boone, Savannah Davidson, Jordan Degelia, and Jason Van Allen promoting healthy lifestyle changes, physical activity, and dietary behaviors are effective, and it is likely that these types of interventions are also effective for child cancer survivors (Stern et al. Conclusion In sum, pediatric cancer is a prevalent and potentially lifethreatening illness that affects the entire family (Long & Marsland, 2011; Ward, DeSantis, Robbins, Kohler, & Jemal, 2014). Although many families facing pediatric cancer show resiliency (Van Schoors et al. In addition to psychosocial problems, children and adolescents may also experience late effects of cancer including neurocognitive deficits, such as with attention and concentration (Butler & Mulhern, 2005).
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Cultural mistrust: An important psychological construct for diagnosis and treatment of African Americans hair loss curezone body odor cheap finast 5 mg buy on line. Medical apartheid: the dark history of medical experimentation on Black Americans from colonial times to the present. For example, diabetes is more than three times as likely to be a cause of death for Native Americans than for other racial/ethnic groups (66. This health disparity, along with others plaguing Native American communities, has contributed to a life expectancy that is 5. These types of disadvantages in health and longevity suffered by minority groups are referred to as health disparities (Braveman, 2014). Compared with nonHispanic Whites, minority racial and ethnic populations experience earlier onset of illness, more severe disease, and poorer quality of care (Williams, Mohammed, Leavell, & Collins, 2010; Williams, Priest, & Anderson, 2016). Since health disparities adversely affect groups of people who are socially and/or economically disadvantaged, health disparities reflect social injustices. Health equity refers to the ideology, motivation, and actions behind correcting these social injustices and eliminating health disparities (Braveman, 2014). A health equity perspective adheres to the human rights principles of nondiscrimination and equality (Braveman, 2014) and presumes that health disparities ultimately are avoidable if the underlying social structures and arrangements creating and maintaining social injustices are addressed (Pearlin, Schieman, Fazio, & Meersman, 2005). Wagner While the alleviation of health problems experienced by minority individuals may be accomplished through the types of direct interventions common in health psychology, the alleviation of health disparities affecting marginalized minority groups can only be accomplished through social change. Conceptualizations of Health Disparities There is consensus among health disparities scholars that contextual exposures, a lifecourse approach, and the consequences of discrimination, intersectionality, and residential segregation must be taken into account in efforts to understand and eliminate health inequities. Contextual exposures refer to the collection of neighborhood, environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural exposures influencing health (Benn & Goldfeld, 2016; Ruiz & Brondolo, 2016; Williams et al. Minority individuals are disproportionately exposed to toxic social and environmental contexts that reduce health and longevity (Ruiz & Brondolo, 2016). Toxic contextual exposures directly disrupt biological functioning by producing alterations in gene expression, causing tissue and organ damage and dysregulating stress response and recovery systems (Williams et al. At least in theory, and hopefully in practice, contextual exposures can be changed in ways that improve health and promote health equity and thus are an increasing focus of health disparities research (Benn & Goldfeld, 2016). A lifecourse approach is essential in efforts to understand and address the drivers of health disparities. Health disparities emerge from exposure to adversity throughout the life course, including before conception, in utero, and throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence (Williams et al. For example, exposure to persistent adversity over time produces greater wear and tear on physiological systems, resulting in physiological dysregulation, with consequent health problems; the various terms used by health disparities scholars for this process include allostatic load, weathering, cumulative physiological dysregulation, and biological risk profile (Peek et al. It is well established that higher allostatic loads are associated with increased mortality, morbidity, cognitive decline, and disability (Peek et al. A unique contributor to the allostatic load of individuals from marginalized and stigmatized groups is discrimination. Discrimination results from the exertion of power by dominant groups to preserve their relative privilege over subordinate groups (Krieger, 2014). Discrimination falls into several categories of justifying ideologies, including racism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, nativism, ageism, and class bias (Krieger, 2014).
Information avoidance tendencies hair loss jak inhibitor finast 5 mg purchase overnight delivery, threat management resources, and interest in genetic sequencing feedback. Evidence of improved fluid management in patients receiving haemodialysis following a selfaffirmation theorybased intervention: A randomised controlled trial. Selfaffirmation and selfcontrol: Counteracting defensive processing of health information and facilitating health behavior change. Defensive reactions to healthpromoting information: An overview and implications for future research. With their presentation of objective selfawareness theory, they explained how people can regard the self as the agent of experience or as the object of attention, and how the latter leads people to reduce or avoid discrepancies between their current state and their attitudes, standards, and goals. Thus, although not always credited as such, the theory is the conceptual parent of many selfregulatory models. This and other contributions mark the concept of selfawareness as having a profound influence on understanding of human social behavior that notably extends into the field of health psychology. This entry offers a brief overview of conceptualizations of self awareness and their impact on understanding health and health risk behavior. Holding the self as an object of attention initiates selfevaluative processes that help people navigate their social environments with desired behavior. The process of selfevaluation is such that when selfaware, people are motivated to match their behavior and attitudes with the standards they maintain for themselves. When an individual observes that she/he is meeting these standards, the individual experiences positive affect and a general tendency to continue this selffocused state. However, when a discrepancy is detected, this selfreflective process has the potential to arouse negative affect. These negative feelings then motivate the Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology: Volume 2: the Social Bases of Health Behavior, First Edition. To illustrate how these ideas might work, consider a person who wants to maintain a healthy diet and is approaching the drivethrough window at a fastfood restaurant. The theory suggests that people are more likely to act in accordance with their value of maintaining a healthy diet by ordering the chicken sandwich if they are selfaware. Further, if they do so, they will experience positive feelings as a result of matching their behavior of ordering grilled chicken with their goal of eating well. But if they order the megaburger and are then made selfaware, the awareness of this discrepancy will increase negative affect. Over the years, research has supported the core hypotheses of selfawareness induced discrepancy reduction and avoidance of selffocused attention in a variety of ways (see Silvia & Duval, 2001; see Suggested Reading). Research has also shed light on the conditions that motivate people to reduce discrepancies or avoid selffocused attention.
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Tempeck, 51 years: Physical activity in and of itself is not necessarily related to eating disorders (Szabo, 2000). Intraindividual Factors and Screening: Perceived Risk and Attitudes As previously indicated, this overview focuses mainly on social factors that influence screening uptake and social impacts associated with screening outcomes. One notable way nocebo effects diverge from placebo effects is the occurrence of unpleasant treatment side effects in patients. Peter, Geyh, Ehde, Müller, and Jensen (2015) identified three commonalities between the two areas of study: positive principles, focus on individual strengths and resources, and wellbeing, social participation, and growth as key outcomes.
Lisk, 48 years: Yet, it is recommended that psychologists ask all patients about their use of dietary supplements (as well as their use of prescription and overthecounter medications). As reviewed earlier, research suggests that implementation intentions are indeed an effective means of countering negative influence of temptations, particularly in the health domain. In addition to explicit stereotyping of patients, the literature also documents the existence of prejudice. These data demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the Kinect system to record angle measurements that are in line with, and not statistically different from, that measured by a clinician.